AI and IoT in education: Training for Industry 5.0 and skills development in the 21st century

Abstract

The rapid evolution of advanced digital technologies is producing profound transformations in educational systems worldwide. In particular, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have become two of the most influential vectors in the redefinition of teaching and learning processes, shaping the roles of both teachers and students. In this regard, generative AI expands the possibilities for learning personalization, cognitive interaction, and real-time automation and feedback (Hrytsenko, 2024; Koceski et al., 2025). As noted by Lorenzo et al. (2025), this transformation involves not only incorporating technology, but also adapting and reinterpreting the pedagogical principles on which learning is structured within AI-mediated contexts.